Research: Books and Articles: IEEE Conference

The following paper was presented at the IEEE Conference in Singapore by Dr. Zhi Y. Wang

Clustered Water and Bio-signal Networks

Jingong Pan, Lee H Lorenzen*, Francisco Carrillo**, Huawen Wu#, MengChu Zhou, Zhi Y. Wang,

Center for Bio- signaling & System Research,
New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
*Institute for Cluster Research, RSM, CA, USA 92688
** Spanish Hospital, Mexico
#Hong Kong Quantum Science & Technology Institute, China

The Meridian system conceived by the ancient Chinese has been described and referenced for more than a thousand years. It is also a challenging research project in the “System, Man & Cybernetics” field. In our previous paper we have proposed a hypothesis that the Meridian system may be a bio-signal network via the cluster water-wire. The cluster water-wire is not only a good carrier for energy, but also proton or electron resonant frequency signals (i.e., electronic information). The foundation of this hypothesis is that clustered water may have certain memory-holding properties. In the early 1990’s, Lorenzen developed a patented Microcluster Template Induction Process to transcribe the chemical and physical signaling information to clustered water (CW). Cooperating with Masaru Emoto (Japan), we developed a water crystal photography technology to characterize imprinted CW. It appears that individual templated CW has a unique, reproducible hexagonal crystalline structure.

Animal studies conducted at the National Autonomous University School of Medicine in Mexico City also indicated that mice treated with morphine-imprinted CW exhibited dramatically altered behavior compared with those with distilled water (DW) and that such effects could be blocked by naloxone, the opioid receptor antagonist. Isolated rat jejune studies also showed similar morphine-like effects. However, HPLC analysis indicated no differences between morphine-imprinted CW and DW. To measure the frequency signals in water directly, we designed a series of resonant frequency imprinting studies using Quantum FAFA equipment. At first, we used the DW as the reference. It is clear that the resonant frequency valley of CW is significantly different from DW, especially in the range between 3500Hz and 3628 Hz. In another experiment, we used regular CW as the reference, while another CW was imprinted with an additional low frequency signal. The result showed that several new resonant frequency peaks (1740-1885 HZ) were detected in the new imprinted CW sample compared with non-imprinted CW control. We believe that “Water cluster and frequency imprinting research” may open a novel way to tackle the mystery of the Meridian system and related bio-signal networks, and possibly offer a new receptor/transduction mechanism in them.

Key words:
Meridian system, bio-signal, cluster water wire, resonant frequency, information transcribing

* 0-7803-8566-7/04/$20.00 ? 2004 IEEE.

I. Introduction

1.1 . Meridian system-an essential network of life

It is common knowledge that the human body contains a nervous system and a blood circulatory system. According to ancient Chinese medicine, there is also a Meridian system which is considered more fundamental than the nervous and blood circulatory systems. It had been hotly debated whether the Meridian system existed inside the human body in western academic cultures until 1991 when The World Health Organization proposed the Standard Acupuncture Nomenclature. The Meridian system in acupuncture consists of about 400 acupuncture points and 20 meridians connecting most of the points. Meridian points are the high electric conductance points on the body surface. Unfortunately, the Meridian system is not taught in orthodox medical texts. Perhaps the main reason is that in anatomy we do not currently find any sign of a meridian.
In our previous paper we have proposed a hypothesis that the Meridian system may be a bio-signal network via the cluster water-wire which is embedded in the numerous bio-nanotubes [1]. The cluster water-wire may be not only a good carrier for energy, but also proton or electron resonant frequency signals. The key foundation of this hypothesis is that clustered water may have certain memory properties. In this article, we intend to provide more experimental evidence to support this hypothesis.

1.2. Water memory - a hot dispute from ancient philosophy to modern science

Ancient philosophy from both Western and Eastern cultures all believed that water was the source of life and held all universal messages. Chinese “Taoist theory” declares that “Heaven creates water and water then creates everything”. Taoism also emphasizes that “Heaven creates water and then hides in the water; water and the universe are permeated as one unit”. Herbalist Li She Zhen (1518-1593 AD) was the author of the book Bencao Gangmu (Great Compendium of Herbs), the ancient Chinese pharmacopoeia. He believed that seasonal natural water, such as rain, snow and dew, contained the universal message to help control all life cycles. Christian teachings reveal that water and “Living Water” are synonymous with the Holy Spirit and truth. Greek philosophy also teaches that water is the major life force.
Dr. Jacques Benveniste is a pioneer of modern water memory research. In 1988, he and 12 other scientists from Canada, France, Israel and Italy sent an article to Nature, titled “Human basophil degranulation triggered by very dilute antiserum against IgE” (2). They claimed that vigorously shaking water solutions of an antibody could evoke a biological response, even when that antibody was diluted out of theoretical existence. However, Benveniste's revolutionary ideas of “water memory” were criticized as heretical or misguided. In 1999, a pan-European team of four independent research laboratories in France, Italy, Belgium, and Holland, led by Professor M. Roberfroid at Belgium's Catholic University of Louvain designed “blinded” experiments. They used a refinement of Benveniste's original experimental model to examine another aspect of basophil activation with "ghost" dilutions of histamine against control solutions of pure water. The results from all four laboratories were positive for the ghost histamine solutions. In the last five years, more ultra-diluted water research indicates that certain structured waters might store physical, chemical and biological information [3-9].
Dr. Brian Josephson, Nobel laureate in Physics (1973) gave Benveniste a definitude expressed support. He proposed the argument in the New Scientists magazine that structured water perhaps had molecular memory [10]. Later on a group of scientists from Harvard University also proposed a new “atomic memory” theory for application in quantum communication (11). Clusters are finite aggregates of atoms or molecules that are bound by forces which may be metallic, covalent, ionic, hydrogen-bonded or Van der Waals in character and can contain from a few to tens of thousands of atoms. The concept of “cluster memory” is being gradually accepted in the material science area, especially semiconductor clusters which have been the focus of particular attention. Our paper proposes that water memory, particularly water cluster memory, is no longer unsubstantiated.

1.3. “Digital biology”-a new avenue for bio-signaling research

Benveniste kept his indomitable research moving forward and finally established a new “Digital biology” hypothesis (12). He mentioned that the current short range electrostatic theory of molecule interaction-recognition via random collisions cannot help us understand how biological reactions really occur. The key/keyhole and the structural matching are just cartoonesque descriptions of the exceedingly more sophisticated mechanism which is required to command the extraordinarily complex and rapid cascade of intricate biochemical reactions supporting life. By contrast, the electric-magnetic interactions afforded by the capacity of water to support long range EM fields provide fascinating possibilities for understanding:
1) the specific and rapid long distance attraction of corresponding mates;
2) how the formation of aggregates with appropriate frequencies initiates the next step in the biochemical sequence;
3) how the steric structure of molecules can be altered or stabilized by subtle changes in their primary composition.
To support his hypothesis, he successfully conducted a series of experiments (13-15). In 2000, Medical Hypotheses published a research article titled “Activation of human neutrophils by electronically transmitted phorbol-myristate acetate” provided by his DigiBio Group (15). It is well known that 4-phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) is a phorbol ester tumor promoter, which can induce reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) in neutrophils. Neutrophils were placed at 37°C on one coil attached to an oscillator, while PMA was placed on another coil at room temperature. The oscillator was then activated for 15 min after which cells were further incubated for up to 45 min at 37°C before the measurement of ROM production. In twenty blind experiments, PMA thus “transmitted’’ induced ROM production. ROM were not induced when: 1) PMA vehicle or 4-?-phorbol 12, 13-didecanoate (an inactive PMA analogue) was transmitted; 2) the oscillator was switched off; and 3) superoxide dismutase or protein kinase C inhibitors were added to cells before transmission. These results suggest that PMA molecules emit signals that can be transferred to neutrophils by artificial physical means in a manner that seems specific to the source molecules.

II. Experiment evidence

2.1 Template induction processed clustered water

Inspired by water turbulence and snow-forming processes, Lorenzen developed a patented ““Template Induction Processed clustered water” [” (16, 17). The starting water vapor is passed through a simulation Sun-Earth radiation electric magnetic field, treated by laser (transcribing the chemical and physical signaling), and stabilized in a special ceramic unit. This process yields microclustered water (5, 6, and 7-membered rings). Shin Etsu Chemical Inc. (Japan) and Associated Laboratories (USA) tested such clustered water and concluded that it was “extremely pure”. They used various analysis methods such as atomic absorption, flame photometry analysis, ion chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography analysis. Generally smaller cluster sizes of water offer much smaller values of 17O- nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Table 1 shows an assay report of different water samples by Tsinghua University and Peking University (18). It indicates that the 17O-NMR of clustered water is very close to natural Glacier water and human plasma, even though the starting solution, distilled water, has NMR values in excess of 118 Hz. A study in 1989 from Shin Etsu Chemical Inc also showed that the 17O-NMR of CW was comparable to the melting snow water. Different from glacier water and snow water, clustered water is more stable in terms of 6-membered ring structures.

According to Laser Raman Spectra studies conducted by Laboratoire Forte Pharma (France), an interesting behavior of CW is observed that in all the studied spectral fields (Low frequency, Intermediate frequency, High frequency), the intensity of Raman Diffusion was much lower than that of Ultrapure water (UPW, 18.2 M ohms) which was the selected reference.

Figure 1, Laser Raman Spectra study of UPW and CW.

2.3. Biological evidence of water cluster with imprinted morphine

An in vitro isolated rat's jejune culture study was conducted at the National Autonomous University School of Medicine in Mexico City to test the possible efficacy of the morphine templated clustered water (CW) and compare with 0.5 mg/ml of morphine sulfate (MP).
As shown in Figure 3, rat’s jejune was connected to the bottom of a 10 ml chamber with Ringer buffered solution. The upper edge was connected to the polygraphic arm to record the trace of tissue contractions. Once the basal trace was obtained (7.5 minutes), 0.5 ml or 1.5 ml of Ringer buffer solution was removed, and 0.5 ml or 1.5 ml of MP or CW, was added into the chambers for another 7.5 minute testing traces. The trace peak values (TPV) of tissue contractions were calculated.

In the Experiment 1, after adding 0.5 ml of MP to the chamber, the tissue contraction trace of MP (1.05±0.06 units) was similar to the baseline (0.98±0.04 units), indicating no significant change (P>0.05). After adding 0.5 ml of CW to the chamber, the tissue contractions trace of CW (0.83±0.12 units) was very significantly increased compared with baseline (0.57±0.09 units) - (P< 0.0001).
In the Experiment 2, after adding 1.5 ml of MP to the chamber, the tissue contractions trace of MP (1.23±0.31 units) was very significantly increased in rat tissue contractions compared with baseline (0.48±0.04 units, P<0.0001). After adding 1.5 ml of CW to the chamber, the tissue contractions trace of CW (0.99±0.14 units) was also very significantly increased compared with baseline (0.65±0.17, P<0.0001).
These experiments have been repeated at the National Autonomous University of Mexico.
Our animal studies conducted at the National Autonomous University School of Medicine in Mexico City and University Rene Descartes in Paris also indicated that after mice and rats were treated with morphine-imprinted CW, their behavior was dramatically altered comparing animals with DW. The effects could also be blocked by naloxone, the opioid receptor antagonist. However, HPLC analysis indicated no differences between morphine-imprinted CW and DW.
It appears that morphine molecular characteristic signals may be imprinted in the clustered water and plays a similar biological function to morphine.

Figure 3 Comparative studies of morphine and morphine templated clustered water on rat jejune contraction trace [Ref??].


2.4. Resonant frequency assay of imprinted clustered water

As mentioned we have found that templated clustered water has different NMR spectra, laser Raman spectra solubility, surface tension and crystal imaging parameters. However, there is no evidence to identify the distinct frequency in the water directly.
In this study we used Quantum FAFA equipment. The equipment was first used in 1985 as the Electro-Physio-Feedback-Xrroid (EPFX) System. In 1989, it received FDA permission (510K clearance) to be distributed as a biofeedback device. The quantum coherency effect is achieved by matching the virtual photon and voltametric signature pattern of a reactive substance in the tested target and then watching the voltametric resistance changes that occur in the tested target in response to the item. If there is a coherency, a reactive positive or negative pattern can be induced.
We compared the differences between distilled water (DW) and clustered water (CW). As shown in Fig. 4, it is clear that the resonant frequency valley of CW is significantly different from DW’s, especially in the range between the 3500Hz and 3628 Hz.
In order to prove whether the clustered water is able to store frequency information, we divided CW into two parts. One part clustered water was imprinted with an additional low resonant frequency signal, and another part not, but used as reference water. Then we utilize Quantum FAFA analysis equipment to analyze both solutions. The results showed that several new resonant frequency peaks (1740-1885 HZ) were detected in the new imprinted clustered water sample compared with non-imprinted clustered water as shown in Figure 5.
According to our preliminary experiment, Clustered water may be able to store certain frequency information. We are currently designing a series of experiments to confirm the imprinting patterns and possible influence factors.

Figure 4 The resonant frequency valley of CW and DW

Figure 5, The resonant frequency valley of new imprinting CW compared with non-imprinted CW.

Discussion

As presented, “water memory” is the key foundation for our clustered water-wire bio-signaling network hypothesis.
In this article, we have provided more experimental evidence to support our hypothesis that clustered water may have certain memory properties. It appears that PMA and morphine molecular signaling can be transcribed to certain structured water, such as clustered water. After imprinting certain resonant frequencies, the water cluster structure, especially the crystal structure, may be also modified. Using microscopic imaging analysis and quantum resonant frequency assay technology may be a more practical way to identify and characterize the “finger print” of individual templated clustered waters. Recently, in cooperation with the China Health Care Association, we completed a randomized, multiple centers, double blind and placebo controlled clinical research of “Clustered water and Health” in a total 336 type-2 diabetics. Recent bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) studies also showed that diabetics had a lower ratio of intracellular water (ICW) / extracellular water (ECW). Diabetics (blood sugar level =7.0 mmol/L) from five hospitals were recruited for the trial. All the subjects received 250 ml of CW or DW twice daily for 4 weeks. It was observed that CW consumption improved cell water distribution (ICW/ECW), basal metabolism rate (BMR), Phase Angle (PA) and Cell Capacitance (CP) during the 4 week testing period. In this study, about 45% of subjects had higher blood sugar levels (=8.3 mmol/L). There were no significant differences between the DW group (75 subjects) and the CW group (72 subjects) comparing four BIA physiological baseline parameters (P>0.05). However, at the end of the experiment, the P value (CW vs. DW) of ICW/ECW, BMR, PA and CP were 0.025, 0.022, 0.007 and 0.009, respectively. Two independent NMR tests in China and Japan showed that the width of the oxygen17 NMR spectra were 64 and 67HZ, respectively, approximating normal saline, plasma and fresh natural spring water, while NMR values of DW and most purified waters exceeded 100 HZ (21). The relatively small size of the water cluster may be one of the mechanisms which lead to improved cell structure and function.

The mechanism of “water memory” and “molecular imprinting” are still not clear. More hypotheses have been proposed recently. One explanation is based on philosophical concepts. The Ancient Chinese wisdom believed in the existence of the “Intelligence universe” or that “Intelligence is stored in everything”. Of course, intelligence could be stored in water. Professor Gary Schwartz, the former Director of the Psychophysiology Center at Yale University, established a “Universal Living Memory theory”. He demonstrated that from the subatomic to the cosmic, to the cells, all dynamic systems have memory, including water (20, 21).

Dr. Wayne B. Jonas, former director of the NIH Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM) referred to the mechanisms of water memory in his book (22), invoking such terms as coherence patterns, clathrate formation, isotopic self-organization, electrodynamic polarization fields, biophotons, chaos theory, and the collapse of quantum potentials.
A mathematical model has been proposed recently, which explains why certain medications do not become non-molecular in ultra-high dilution (23). This is due to loss of homogeneity in the solution, caused by an increase of the dielectric constant of the medium during the process of potentization. Facilitated binding of the drug molecules with minute physiologically important protein factors may be the cause of visible physiological alterations induced by dilute solutions.

We have proposed a hypothesis in [1] that the bio-signals may be stored and transcribed via the Meridian system, a cluster water-wire (or water clathrate) network. Water, being bipolar, can be partly aligned by an electric-magnetic field, which can be shown by the movement of a stream of water past an electrostatic source. Theoretically, hydrogen-bond connectivity of water molecules could control the progress of ionic translocation in these systems. Proton-motive forces (proton pumps) are well-known and play an important role in cell-to-cell communication. More reports indicate that protons (H+) can be transported via the “clustered water wires” [24-32]. The water wire system may be a one-dimensional head-tail water chain or a three dimensional hydrogen-bound water network. Cambridge University provided a protonated water cluster database based on computer simulation (33). Figure 6 shows 4 typical protonated clustered waters.

Figure 6: Four typical Protonated Water Clusters (34)

In May 2004, two breakthrough discoveries have been published in Science reporting that infrared spectroscopy has been utilized to prove the existence of nanoscale cages of protonated water cluster formations. The work was carried out by two independent groups at Tohoku University-Yale University and the University of Georgia-University of Pittsburgh (34, 35). Data from the two studies are remarkably consistent. They suggest that water clusters are chain structures at small sizes, two-dimensional nets at intermediate sizes, and cages at large sizes (such as 21 molecules). Protonated water clusters with this magic number of water molecules are unusually stable. Investigating the structure, electronic properties, and proton conductivity of water confined inside single-walled carbon nanotubes, an excess proton injected into the water wire is found to be significantly stabilized, relative to the gas phase, due to the high polarizability of the carbon nanotube (36). These discoveries further encouraged us to approach the relationship between the meridian and the clustered water wire signaling network.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank Dr. Benveniste, J. (France), Professor Shen Y. Q. (China), Dr. Li, Xin, (China), Emoto, M. (Japan) and Jose Ramon Murillo MSc (Mexico) for their scientific support. We also thank Mr. Wang Ying and Mrs. Penny Lorenzen for their editorial assistance in this manuscript.

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